Timeline of Juvenile Law and Related Topics

Click here to view a plain text version of the Timeline.

Cool Timeline

1770
Malice Supplies the Age
Sir William Blackstone

Malice Supplies the Age

English Lawyer and Solicitor General to Her Majesty, William Blackstone, explained the English Common Law Doctrine of malice supplies the age; in Book IV of his Commentaries on the Laws of England.
1825
New York House of Refuge
New York House of Refuge

New York House of Refuge

The Society for the prevention of Juvenile Delinquency opened the New York House of Refuge in New York to rehabilitate troubled youth and keep them separate from adults for their own protection.

1845
Rule of Sevens

The Rule of Sevens is articulated in the case The Queen v. Sidney Smith.

1855
Chicago Reform School

The Chicago Reform School was opened in Chicago to rehabilitate delinquent youth and keep them separate from adults for their own protection.

1891
Fred C. Nelles Youth Correctional Facility
Fred C. Nelles Marquee

The Fred C. Nelles Youth Correctional Facility opened to house children who had gotten into trouble with the law in Whittier, California.

1899
First Juvenile Court
Map of Cook County

The first juvenile court in the United States was established in Cook County, Illinois.

1920
Save the Children International Union
Eglantyne Jebb

Eglantyne Jebb founded the Save the Children International Union to alleviate the suffering of children who had experienced hunger and deprivation due to the events of World War I.

1923
Children’s Charter: A Declaration of the Rights of Childhood

The Save the Children International Union wrote the Children’s Charter.

1924
Declaration of the Rights of the Child
Declaration of Geneva

The League of Nations adopted the Declaration of the Rights of the Child (also known as the Declaration of Geneva) which was written by the Save the Children International Union.

1930
The Children’s Charter
The Children's Charter

The White House Conference on Child Health and Protection conducted research regarding issues of concern to children and released a report on their findings entitled The Children’s Charter.

1934
Isidore Starr’s Lessons

Isidore Starr begins teaching current case law in his high school social studies class in New York.

1959
Unanimous Adoption by UN of Declaration of the Rights of the Child

On November 20th the United Nations unanimously adopted the Declaration of the Rights of the Child.

1966
Office for Juveniles opens in Philadelphia

Office for Juveniles opens in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania to provide indigent children who are accused of crimes with attorneys. Attorney Lois G. Forer applied for a grant to facilitate the opening of the office.

1967
In re Gault
US Supreme Court Building

The U.S. Supreme Court held that juveniles have the right to notice of the charges, the right to an attorney, the right to remain silent, and the right to confront and cross-examine witnesses.

1968
Office for Juveniles Closes in Philadelphia

Office for Juveniles closes in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.

1969
Tinker v. Des Moines

In holding that students who wore black armbands to protest the Vietnam War were exercising their freedom of speech, the US Supreme Court noted that “It can hardly be argued that either students or teachers shed their constitutional rights to freedom of speech or expression at the schoolhouse gate.”

Law-Related Education Becomes Popular
Little Red School House

Schools across the United States begin providing law-related education programs to youth to teach them about law and citizenship.

1970
No One Will Lissen

Lois G. Forer’s book, No One Will Lissen: How Our Legal System Brutalizes the Youthful Poor, about her work with the Office for Juveniles is published.

Youth Law Center Opens in San Francisco

The Youth Law Center was founded in San Francisco, California to meet the legal needs of indigent children, especially those in foster care and in juvenile detention.

1971
Voting Age is Reduced to 18
26th Amendment to the US Constitution

The legal voting age is reduced from age 21 to age 18. U.S. Const. Amend. XXVI.

Street Law is Founded
Marquee at Georgetown Law Center

The Street Law program to teach high school students practical legal principles is founded by law students of Georgetown University Law Center in Washington, DC. The law students began the program in two high schools. By the 1974-1975 academic year, the program had been adopted by all Washington, DC high schools and several prisons and juvenile detention centers.

1973
Children’s Defense Fund is Founded
Marian Wright Edelman

Marian Wright Edelman founded the Children’s Defense Fund (CDF) in Washington, DC. CDF advocates for laws and policies that protect children’s rights and well-being at both the local and national level.

San Antonio v. Rodriguez
US Supreme Court Building

The U.S. Supreme Court asserted that, “Education, of course, is not among the rights afforded explicit protection under our Federal Constitution.”

1974
Office of Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention is Founded
OJJDP Logo

On September 7th, the Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention Act became a law and under this law, the Office of Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention was established as part of the United States Department of Justice.

Street Law Text Book is Published in Washington, DC

The textbook, Street Law: A Course in Practical, Law was published for schools in the District of Columbia.

1975
Street Law Text Book is Published Nationwide

The textbook, Street Law: A Course in Practical Law, was published for schools across the nation. Other editions followed and the book continues to be updated until this day. There are state supplements for the text book and Street Law has expanded the program to other countries.

Juvenile Law Center is Founded in Philadelphia

The Juvenile Law Center was founded in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania to advocate for laws, policies, and practices that benefit youth between the ages of 10-21 in foster care and the court system.

1977
The American Bar Association Publishes Update on Law-Related Education

The first issue of Update on Law-Related Education was published by the American Bar Association. Publication continues until the year 2000, when the ABA begins publishing Insights on Law and Society in its place.

1978
The National Center for Youth Law is Founded

The Youth Law Center merged with the National Juvenile Law Center in St. Louis, MO and became the National Center for Youth Law.

First National Law-Related Education Leadership Conference is Held

Motivated to improve social studies and civics education, organizers held the first National Law-Related Education Leadership Conference in Chicago, Illinois.

Congress Passes the Law-Related Education Act of 1978
US Capitol Building

The Law-Related Education Act of 1978, was enacted by Congress. This law defined law-related education.

1979
International Year of the Child
International Year of the Child Medal

A conference was held in Warsaw, Poland in honor of the International Year of the Child (1979). At this conference, 21 principles on the legal protection of the rights of the child were produced.

1982
Repeal of Law-Related Education Act of 1978
US Capitol Building

Congress Repeals the Law-Related Education Act of 1978.

1985
Study: Law-Related Education as a Delinquency Prevention Strategy

Sociologists Grant Johnson and Robert Hunter published a report entitled Law-Related Education as a Delinquency Prevention Strategy: A Three-Year Evaluation of the Impact of LRE on Students.

1989
Unanimous Adoption of UNCRC by UN
UN General Assembly Hall

On November 20th, the UN General Assembly unanimously adopted the United Nations Convention on the Rights of the Child.

1990
UNCRC Takes Effect

After receiving the required signatures of 20 member states, the UNCRC took effect September 2, 1990.

1995
US Signs but Does Not Ratify UNCRC

On February 16th, the United States signed yet did not ratify the United Nations Convention on the Rights of the Child.

2005
Roper v. Simmons
US Supreme Court Building

The U.S. Supreme Court held that a person must have attained the age of 18 in order to be eligible for the death penalty.

Image Credits

1770: Image of Blackstone – Wikimedia Commons

1825: Image of House of Refuge- Wikimedia Commons

1891: Image of Fred C. Nelles Youth Correctional Facility (sign) – Wikimedia Commons

1899: Image of Cook County, Illinois map- Wikimedia Commons

1920: Image of Eglantyne Jebb- Wikimedia Commons

1924: Image of Declaration of the Rights of the Child – Wikipedia

1930: Image of Children’s Charter – DocsTeach

1934: Video: Isidore Starr: Leading a Revolution in Civics – YouTube

1967: Image of U.S. Supreme Court Building – Wikimedia Commons

1969: Image of little red school house – Wikimedia Commons

1971: Image of U.S. Const. Amend. XXVI – Wikimedia Commons

1971: Image of Georgetown University Law Center (sign) – Wikimedia Commons

1973: Image of U.S. Supreme Court Building – Wikimedia Commons

1973: Image of Marian Wright Edelman – Wikimedia Commons

1974: Image of OJJDP Logo – Wikimedia Commons

1978: Image of U.S. Capitol Building (west side) – Wikimedia Commons

1979: Image of International Year of the Child Medals – Wikimedia Commons

1982: Image of U.S. Capitol Building (west side) – Wikimedia Commons

1989: Image of U.N. General Assembly – Wikimedia Commons

1990: Video: Ensuring Child Rights Still a Challenge 20 Years After Treaty – YouTube

2005: Image of U.S. Supreme Court Building – Wikimedia Commons